How Does Self Discrepancy Of Media Influenced Body Image...

Section A: Project Details Title: How does self-discrepancy of media-influenced body image affect adolescents’ self-esteem? Abstract: Research has shown that exposure to thin-ideal media is related to body dissatisfaction. Consequently, the accumulated dissatisfying emotions regarding one’s body can evolve into distorted body perception. Such disturbed body image has been evident as associated with low self-esteem. Nonetheless, little research has sought to elucidate the rationales for these perplexed psychological relationships. With a few previous research touched on the self-discrepancy theory vis-à  -vis understanding body image dysfunctions, thus it is proposed that thin-ideal media exposure facilitates the reconstruction of media audience’s self-ideal body image; it hence activates the body image self-assessment and results in self-discrepancies and are prone to lower self-esteem. This study is in correlational design conducted in college classrooms. It contains two phases with thin-ideal media exposure in between. Different empirically well-validated scales and questionnaires will be administrated in these phases so as to assess students’ current self-esteem and the attitudinal body-image. Aims and objectives: The aim of this research proposal is to bridge the relationship between media-influenced body image and self-esteem. Then, the impact of discrepancies between actual and ideal selves, as well as actual and ought selves of media-influenced body image onShow MoreRelatedMedia s Effect On Self Esteem1731 Words   |  7 Pagesthe media has become ever-increasingly present in our everyday lives. The latest fashion editorials and the most exclusive celebrity selfies are always just a click away. Something so pervasive, however, should be intently studied and handled with extreme caution due to the vast influence it can have over its audience’s mind. Too much exposure to certain stimuli has previously been shown to affect cognition and behavior in adolescents. So why should media be any different? Social media appsRead MoreMass Media Affects Women s Body Image Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesMass media affects women’s body image in many ways. â€Å"Me dia images of ridiculously thin women are everywhere- television shows, movies, popular magazines† (Farrar). Starting at a very young age, girls are exposed to media suggestions about what the â€Å"ideal† female body image should be. â€Å"Concern over weight and appearance related issues often surface early in females’ development, and continues throughout the lifespan† (Serdar). Teenagers often see celebrities, fashion models, and show hosts as roleRead MoreMedia s Influence On Self Image2622 Words   |  11 Pagesshow how media can influence people’s self-image. The purpose of this report is to connect the media’s influence with how people view their own self-image as well as the â€Å"ideal† self-image portrayed by the media. The media is a big factor in how people view themselves. This research shows how women, men, children and adolescents are all affected by the media’s influence on self-image. Low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, as well as some real life examples and new media willRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1240 Words   |  5 Pagesall together. Many adolescents viewing these ads or reading these magazines are constantly comparing themselves to these women. It feels almost impossible to be just like these models. This is most likely a result of these women being airbrushed and enhanced to appear to be exceptionally more flawless than they actually are. The standard of body shape that the media presents influences how people view themselves, and can possibly lead to long term health issues. The â€Å"perfect body† is most commonlyRead MoreThe Psycho Social Aspect Of The Disorder Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagescenturies, and it is partly due negative body image. A negative body image is the when people perceive themselves in a damaging manner. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is not an exception. 1 in a 100 people are suffering from this eating disorder, with only 10% of these individuals being male. Half of those with believing they are obese, when in fact that are underweight. The thought of being obese contributes to the negative body image and the continuation their self-starvation. Even though interventive programsRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Body Image1663 Words   |  7 Pagessocial comparison and body checking than non-users? Countless scientific studies and research focus on the effects of social media platforms on body image, social comparison, and image satisfaction. Author Erin A. Vogel has written extensively over the effects of social media and body image. The studies utilize different experimental approaches that indicate the subjects who showed high levels of social comparison orientation are avid users of Facebook (Vogel, 2015), the social media platform of focusRead More Fashion Magazines and Body Image Essay5340 Words   |  22 PagesMagazines and Body Image Research indicates that exposure to thin ideal images in womens magazines is associated with heightened concerns for body shape and size in a number of young women, although the medias role in the psychopathology of body image disturbance is generally believed to be mediated by personality and socio-cultural factors. The purpose of this research study is to know and gather solid facts and reasons about fashion magazines affecting the teenagers’ body image in a formRead MoreBody Image : Effects Of Magazines1779 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 111: Essay 3 L02 20 October 2015 Body Image: Effects of Magazines How far will Americans go to get the â€Å"perfect† body? Every channel people turn to, every magazine they look at, shows an idealized body image. The â€Å"perfect† body is based on society’s standards of beauty. â€Å"Body image is the way you see yourself and imagine how you look† (â€Å"Positive and Negative†). Body images haunt women every day; they want to be that girl that has the â€Å"perfect† body image and they will do anything to achieve itRead MorePrevalence of Eating Disordes in Adolescents3314 Words   |  13 Pagesprevalence of eating disorders in adolescents. With noticeable occurrence of eating disorders in the younger age groups, many are concern if preventive measures are adequate or accurately target the main cause of eating disorders. As such, assessing which is the main cause of eating disorder development in adolescence is the purpose of this paper. The three common causes found in literature to relate to the develo pment of eating disorders in adolescents include Media, Peer and Family All three factorsRead MoreWhat Is the Extent of the Medias Influence Regarding Eating Disorders?3804 Words   |  16 Pagesresearched what the media is and what it does, how people are affected by the media and many different studies and experiments. Through the use of several sources, mostly online and experiments, I was able to learn exactly what the media does to possibly be considered an influence on the development of eating disorders. I was able to find a multitude of experiments and studies deciding whether or not women are actually influenced by what the media has to say about body image. While typing this paper

Com156 †Prison Population of Drug Offenders Free Essays

Prison Population of Drug Offenders With the United States prison population growing, did you know that almost every citizen knows at least one person that is in prison? Every day there are 200 new jail cells that are constructed in the United States (ZHENG, SALGANIK, GELMAN, 2006). With the highest rates of incarceration than any other country prisons are full in the United States of America, and yet we continue to build more space and spend more tax dollars on building more prisons. This is an ever growing concern amongst American citizens whose tax dollars are going into this ever building problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Com156 – Prison Population of Drug Offenders or any similar topic only for you Order Now Something needs to be done to change the course of this problem before it becomes bigger than it really should be, and we do have a few options to consider. More than a quarter of our countries prison population is incarcerated for drug offenses with sentences of anywhere from 1 to 30 years (Center for Cognitive Liberty Ethics, 2012). 30 years seems like a long time to spend citizen tax dollars on someone who did nothing violent towards another, and was only hurting themself with the lifestyle that they chose to live. Our prison systems could potentially be more effectively used by focusing more on incarcerating drug users based on the violent offenses they commit rather than the drug offenses. Prison population has been a topic of conversation around the world for many years now, and has recently become an ever growing concern in the United States. More than 10. 1 million people are held in penal institutions around the world, and the United States holds more than a quarter of the world’s incarcerated population. At 2. 29 million people incarcerated in the United Sates (Walmsley, 2011), our prisons are full. The only country that has even close to as many prisoners as we do is China at 1. 65 million people incarcerated (Walmsley, 2011). China’s total population is 1,354. 1 million, and the United States’ total population is 308. 4 million. China’s total population is more than four times that of the United States, and yet the United States prison population is almost one and a half times what China’s is at. This could be because of the luxuries that inmates get when incarcerated here in the United States that other countries do not provide for their inmates. Inmates in the United States receive cable television and new release movies, music and music players, and even an education; all of these are luxuries that most other countries do not offer their inmates. The luxuries that inmates in the United States receive cost taxpayer dollars to provide, the average cost per inmate is $31,286. 00 per year (Henrichson Delaney, 2012). That is a large lump sum of money, especially considering that the average American citizen only makes $46,000. 00 or less per year. The cost of inmates on taxpayers could be a whole topic in itself. Of the 2. 9 million people incarcerated in the United States, 337,405 of them are in State or Federal prisons for drug offenses (Drugwarfacts. org, 2011); this number does not even include those in local jails. According to the US Justice Department, 27. 9% of drug offenders in state prisons are serving time for possession, 69. 4% are serving time for trafficking offenses, and 2. 7% are in for â€Å"other. † (Dr ugwarfacts. org, 2011). These numbers are too high. Penalties for trafficking are higher than possession, so 69. 4% will spend more time taking up that prison space and tax dollars than the 27. 9% of possessors will. Even at only 2. 7%, the rate for those incarcerated for â€Å"other’ types of drug offenses is too high. In local jails alone, as of a 2002 federal survey there were 440,670 local inmates, a quarter of which (112,447) were drug offenders (Drugwarfacts. org, 2011). Of this 112,447, 11. 1% are there on possession charges, and 12. 8% for trafficking. At 112,447 people incarcerated in local jails, that is one third of what we already have incarcerated in State and Federal prisons. These numbers keep adding up and getting higher and higher. Something needs to change in order for these numbers to start decreasing. At 2. 29 million people incarcerated in the United States, with over populated prisons, we need to reconsider what crimes are worth punishing, and if paying out $31,286. 00 per inmate per year in tax dollars is really necessary. Many studies show that increased admissions to drug treatments are associated with reduced incarceration rates. According to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), â€Å"States with a higher drug treatment admission rate than the national average send, on average, 100 fewer people to prison per 100,000 in the population than states that have lower than average drug treatment admissions. (Treatment). Of the 20 states that admit the most people to treatment per 100,000, 19 had incarceration rates below the national average. Of the 20 states that admitted the fewest people to treatment per 100,000, eight had incarceration rates above the national average. Increased admission to treatment rates also showed a decrease to crime rate and a reduction to control costs. According to Drugwarfacts. org (2011) as well, â€Å"Admissions to drug treatment increased 37. 4 percent and federal spending on drug treatment increased 14. 6 percent from 1995 to 2005. During the same period, violent crime fell 31. 5 percent. † (Treatment). Also according to Drugwarfacts. org (2011), â€Å"A study by the RAND Corporation found, â€Å"the savings of treatment programs are larger than the control costs; we estimate that the costs of crime and lost productivity are reduced by $7. 46 for every dollar spend on treatment. â€Å"(Treatment). Even if we just shift what we put the tax dollars towards a little, it could have a big and beneficial impact on our economy and on our society in general. A lot can be learned from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs in 2001. Since decriminalizing illicit drugs in Portugal the rate of drug related deaths, as well as the number of offenders arrested in Portugal for trafficker, trafficker-consumer, and consumer offences have all decreased. Since the decriminalization there has been a reduction in opiate-related deaths and infectious diseases. â€Å"Most interviewees were of the view that the decriminalization had reduced the burden on the Portuguese criminal justice system and enabled police to refocus their attention on more serious offences, namely drug traf? cking-related offences. (Hughes Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). Evidence also indicates reductions in problematic use, drug-related harms and criminal justice overcrowding in Portugal since the decriminalization of illicit drugs. If it can help with their overcrowding prison problem than it can help with ours as well. Portugal has taken a dramatic step in their justice system, and they have seen great benefits from it, as can we. The number of people arre sted for criminal offences related to drug offences reduced from over 14,000 offenders in 2000 to an average of 5,000–5,500 offenders per year. (Hughes Stevens, 2010, p. 1008). There has also been an increased uptake of drug treatment. The facts speak for themselves; the numbers are all too high, from the number of offenders incarcerated, to the amount of time that they spend for those crimes, and the tax dollars that are being spent on them while they are incarcerated. Whether it is an increased requirement for drug treatment or an entire decriminalization of drug offenses as in Portugal’s example, we have a few options to consider; something can be done to put a stop to this problem, and we need to start doing it. This problem will not just go away; someone needs to take the first step towards the reform of our practices and policies. If nothing is done than the numbers will just keep increasing further; more new jail cells will continue to keep being constructed, and they will be filled with more new inmates, maybe someone that is close to you. Will you take the first step to ensure that this problem does not go any further? Let’s start standing up and confronting this problem head on; together we can conquer anything, one problem at a time. References ZHENG, T. , SALGANIK, M. J. , GELMAN, A. 2006, June). How Many People Do You Know in Prison? : Using Overdispersion in Count Data to Estimate Social Structure in Networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association, (), 409-423. Retrieved from http://www. stat. columbia. edu/~gelman/research/published/overdisp_final. pdf Center for Cognitive Liberty Ethics. (2012). Penalties for US Drug Offenses. Retrieved from http://www. cogniti veliberty. org/dll/drugpenalties. htm Walmsley, R. (2011, July). World prison population list. International Centre for Prison Studies, Ninth Edition(), 1-6. Retrieved from http://www. cribd. com/doc/77097293/World-Prison-Population-List-9th-edition Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Prisons_and_Drugs#Research Drugwarfacts. org. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. drugwarfacts. org/cms/Treatment HUGHES, C. , STEVENS, A. (2010). What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?. British Journal Of Criminology, 50(6), 999-1022. doi:10. 1093/bjc/azq038 Christian Henrichson and Ruth Delaney, The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2012. How to cite Com156 – Prison Population of Drug Offenders, Essay examples

Immunizations and Autism free essay sample

Immunizations and Autism Seven years ago I took my son to his doctor appointment to receive his one year immunization shots; little did I know that my little boy would never be the same again. I was furious when the doctor told me that my son now had autism! How could this be, I thought, he was fine before his immunizations? I did some research and found out that immunizations are filled with poisons and can cause serious side affects, autism being one of them. Autism is a developmental disability that affects one in every one hundred and fifty children in the United States (Rozario). It causes sensory issues, communication delays, and social problems amongst many other side effects. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the fastest growing developmental disability in the US alone. It has increased one hundred and seventy-two percent since the 1990s, and the number of those diagnosed continues to grow. The media refers to autism as a world-wide epidemic (Rozario). There are many different treatments for autism, but there is still no cure, and the link between immunizations and autism is a huge controversial topic. There are many sources explaining the link etween the two, as well as there are sources that try to dispute the idea. The link between autism and immunization shots has been an ongoing debate for many years. There have been multiple studies done to try and disprove that autism could be caused by immunizations, but there is also a lot of research that links autism with immunization shots. Many believe that the immunizations are a cause of autism. RataJczak wrote an article entitled Theoretical aspects of autism: Causes. She did what nobody else apparently has bothered to do. She reviewed not Just one theory uggested by research, such as the role of MMR shots, or the mercury preservative thimerosal; but all of them (Rozario). Documented causes of autism include genetic mutations and dilations, viral infections, and brain damage, after receiving the vaccinations. Therefore autism is the result of genetic defects and inflammation of the brain (Rozario). Some doctors believe that the vac cines are scientifically linked to brain damage, but not scientifically linked to autism. Doctors often argue on this topic. Some seriously believe the immunizations cause autism, and will even advise arents not to get certain shots. While there are many other doctors who will refuse to say that there is any link at all. Yet they do not say why they disagree or give any other reasons or opinions of where autism comes from. Despite official insistence that the evidence linking injected thimerosal to autism is inconclusive, the data suggests otherwise. Considering what is put into the vaccines that are injected into hours-old infants, it is easy to understand why they are at the top of the list of suspects. These vaccines include: formaldehyde (used in embalming), thimerosal nearly 50% mercury), aluminum phosphate (toxic and carcinogenic), antibiotics, phenols (corrosive to skin and toxic), aluminum salts (corrosive to tissue and neurotoxic), methanol (toxic), isopropyl (toxic), 2-pheoxyethano (toxic), live viruses, and a host of unknown components considered off limits as trade secrets (Omeara). These are Just part ot the vaccine mixture. The tact that doctors are 0k witn injecting babies with all these toxic chemicals blows my mind! Another factor that has not been widely discussed is human DNA contained in vaccines. Human tissue is currently used in twenty-three vaccinations. Ever since the introduction of human DNA to MMR vaccinations there has been an increase in autism incidences. The DNA is incorporated into the host DNA, now it has changed and the altered self and body kills it (Rozario). This is most expressed in the neurons of the brain, so now you have body killing the brain cells and it becomes an ongoing inflammation. It does not stop, it continues through the life of that individual (Rozario). There have also been an increasing number of vaccines given in a short period of time which can throw the bodys immune system out of balance, and babies already have a low immune system ecause they are so young. The MMR and Hepatitis B vaccines are said to be the vaccinations that have autism as a highly possible side effect. Several national autism groups are actively addressing a vaccine induced cause for the disease. The first Hepatitis B vaccine was liscenced in 1986, and by 1991 it became the first DNA vaccine to be recommended by the CDC (Center of Disease Control) as a universal childhood vaccine. With increased use of the vaccine, reports have come in from around the country of serious autoimmune and neurological reactions to the vaccine (Rozario, 2002). With such reports as this you would think that doctors would reconsider what they are putting in the immunization shots before they are injected into babies. Vaccines linked to autism have even gone to the courts. A federal vaccine court ruled that the preponderance of evidence suggested that a nine year old girls autism was in fact caused by the vaccinations she received as a child. Autism activists said that the decision was the first official admission that vaccines can cause autism. There are currently over 5,000 autism cases pending in the vaccine court today (Bailey). Cases like the nine year old little girl happen all the time, but they usually do not go anywhere or get resolved. Could you imagine if they finally admitted to vaccinations causing autism? There would be millions of lawsuits like this and a lot of angry parents, which makes me think they will never admit it because it will cost them way to much money. Autism is a huge world wide epidemic that is still on the rise. Many people have different views on what causes autism, but it is no secret among government and health officials that mercury is extremely toxic, and causes serious adverse reactions. Parents of autistic children wonder when health officials will wake up to the epidemic that has claimed hundreds of thousands of children in the United States, with no end in sight.